![]() ![]() Development of fluorescein angiography (FA) in 1961 brought another format to retinal imaging. The first available fundus camera, produced by Carl Zeiss in 1955, had a 20° field of vision. Hermann von Helmholtz was the founder of the first direct ophthalmoscope in 1851. The history and evolution of retinal imaging Wide-angle imaging systems using different systems are summarized in Table 1.Ģ. These devices have also found their place in research applications and have the potential to be utilized in telemedicine. Įndowed with high resolution and multimodal capabilities, ultra-wide-field imaging is destined to become the standard-of-care in retinal imaging. Heidelberg (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) introduced a noncontact lens that attaches to the Heidelberg Spectralis and Retinal Angiography systems allowing ultra-wide-field photography and angiography. Compared with conventional digital imaging systems, ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA) using the Optos system captures twice as much retinal area. This system implements a scanning laser ophthalmoscope technology with an ellipsoid mirror and covers approximately 82% of the retina in a single image by forming a virtual scanning head within the patient’s eye. The Optos Optomap Panoramic 200A imaging system (Optos® camera,Optos PLC, Dunfermline, UK) revolutionized wide-field retinal imaging by increasing the field of view to 200°. New-generation devices were able to obtain up to 140° at one session. Systems that utilized image montaging could only capture up to 75° of the retina and were disadvantaged due to frequent montage errors. Acquiring images from the far peripheral retina was difficult, requiring a skilled technician and demanded difficult tasks from the patient such as performing extreme gazes. Older wide-field retinal imaging systems had significant downsides such as the requirement of a contact lens and a clear ocular media. Wide-field retinal imaging gives the opportunity to simultaneously visualize the central and peripheral retina in a single session. ![]()
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